Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism - 871 Words

What are the basic differences between Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism? The Theravada Buddhist believed that they practiced the original teachings of Buddhism as it was handed down to them by Buddha. Theravada Buddhism corresponds fairly exactly with the teachings of Buddha. Theravada Buddhism is based on the Four Noble Truths and the idea that all physical reality is a chain of causation. This includes the cycle of birth and rebirth. Through the practice of Eightfold Noble Path and the Four Cardinal Virtues, an individual can eventually attain Nirvana. Theravada Buddhism focused primarily on meditation and concentration, the eighth of the Eightfold Noble Path. As a result, it emphasized on a monastic life and required an†¦show more content†¦In looking at the Buddhist aspects of reincarnation it becomes necessary to understand the concept of Buddhist emptiness. Buddhists believe that nothing has an independent existence and everything is inherently empty. With the ability to realize this, the followers could better understand the world and overcome emotions and experiences that cause them suffering and remove from them their reliance of things of this world. Once they realized nothing has independent value there would be no reason to let their emotions guide them to wanting something that is inherently empty. Buddhist believe that instead of trying to escape life which for Nietzsche is impossible that we should embrace its experiences and overcome lifes suffering or live the eternal recurrence as an existential imperative. Buddhist believe that once they understood and realized that there is an end to suffering you can move onto a path of detaching yourself from ignorance of the world and transcend it. It is believed that the soul of a person that dies, returns to be born into another existence that will terminate and in due time will be born again. Hindu follows the Law of Karma, which believes that each separate deed of ones life determines their destiny. The deeds you do in life not only shape your charter but also the sole. The deeds give your soul a definite shape or re-embodiment which only allows you to feel a form that they can fit in to. These shapes can be of many forms determinedShow MoreRelatedTheravada And Mahayana Buddhism And Buddhism1433 Words   |  6 Pagesschisms of Buddhism due to different outlooks on the fundamental teachings and ideas of Buddhism. The two that have survived and are still current today are Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. Theravada Buddhism is often found in southern locations, which include Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, and parts of Southeast Asia (Mitchell, pp. 91). Mahayana Buddhism, however, is found in the northern areas of the world, such as: Tibet, China, Taiwan, Japan, and more. These two schools of Buddhism bothRead MoreEssay on Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism2768 Words   |  12 Pages There are two forms of Buddhism that are still prevalent in society today, these are Theravada and Mahayana. Both these traditions have existed for many centuries and encompass important beliefs derived from the Pali Canon and other ancient Indian Buddhist literature. They revert back to the orthodox teachings presented by the historical Gautama Buddha such as The Four Noble Truths and The Eightfold Path. Both these forms of Buddhism stay devoted to the traditional beliefs that the religionRead MoreDifferences Of Theravada And Mahayana Buddhism1181 Words   |  5 Pages There are two major divisions of Buddhism. These two major divisions are Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism. Both of these divisions of Buddhism are similar but also different in some aspects. Theravada Buddhism is known as the traditions of the elders and Mahayana Buddhism is known as the expansive way. I will talk about three difference in Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. There are also many little differences in both they will also be brought up in the describing the two divisions. OneRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Be tween Mahayana And Two Major Branches Of Buddhism1281 Words   |  6 Pages In Buddhism, the two major branches are the Theravada and Mahayana. Theravada is known as the â€Å"tradition of the elders.† Mahayana is called the â€Å"large vehicle.† Mahayana Buddhist came about after the first Buddhist council split. The second Buddhist council began a hundred years after the death of the Buddha. The councils came together to discuss the differences in buddha orders in which some Monks believed. They talked about the true meaning behind the Buddha teachings and certain practices. MonksRead MoreReligion Is Not A Single Term1613 Words   |  7 Pageshence the reason why Religion is not a single term. However, the following paper will only focus on Buddhist religion. Buddhism is said to have existed for more than 2,500 years, which surrounds a variety of beliefs, traditions and practices. All of which gives sentiment beings the true meaning and purpose of life. Particularl y about death, rebirth and suffering (Strong 2008). Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who is also known as the Buddha. Siddhartha Gautama is considered theRead MoreThe Basic Buddhist Teachings773 Words   |  3 PagesWesterners to understand is the absence of the self. Buddhism calls the self the an-atta, or the opposite of the Hindu notion of atman or self. The self is made up of aggregates, but the various parts that make up our empirical personality, do not constitute a self, either individually or collectively. Our so-called self, then, is something bogus. It is, however, a concept that we cling to with great tenacity (The Three Marks, 2012, Know Buddhism). And this is the source of suffering, as we foolishlyRead MoreBuddhism Breaks Apart Essay example1402 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism Breaks Apart Buddhism is the religion of spiritual enlightenment through the suppressing of one’s worldly desires. Buddhism takes one on the path of a spiritual journey, to become one with their soul. It teaches one how to comprehend life’s mysteries, and to cope with them. Founded in 525 B.C. by Siddhartha Gautama; Theravada Buddhism is the first branch of Buddhism; it was a flourishing religion in India before the invasions by the Huns and the Muslims, and Mahayana Buddhism formedRead MoreEssay about The Evolution of Buddhism 1182 Words   |  5 PagesBuddhism is a unique religion that bestows upon its members that their actions accumulate karma and too much bad karma leads to rebirth. A person reaches Nirvana (also known as heaven) when achieving enlightenment and is no longer subjected to rebirth. Buddhism also believes there is no one almighty god, but rather many gods, which they refer to as deities. Dharma is commonly known as the sacred teachings of a deity. The Buddha i s only born in certain situations that members are in need of re-teachingRead MoreBuddhism And Its Views On Buddhism973 Words   |  4 PagesBuddhism is one of the major religions of the world; it was founded in India and is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, Buddha, or the Enlightened One/Awakened One. Buddhism is non-theistic and is not based on any concept of a supreme or one ruling God. A Buddhist approach is a naturalistic one and the sole purpose of the followers is to end or reduce suffering (dukkha) and attain a state of liberation or enlightenment and the freedom from the cycle of death and rebirth (Nirvana). BuddhistRead MoreHow Buddhism Has Impacted The World860 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout time, Buddhism has impacted the world. Whether Buddhism is shaping culture or the culture is shaping Buddhism they both allow other influences to impact each other. Examples like the four noble truths and the two sub groups, Theravada and Mahayana, both showed how they impact Buddhism. Also, Hinduism had a big effect on Buddhism. The 4 Noble truths are the most basic teachings in Buddhism. The first of the 4 noble truths is that ordinary life brings about suffering. The second Noble

Review of Research Paper App

<h1>Review of Research Paper App</h1><p>You might be doubtful from the start about buying a Research Paper App. You are most likely inquiring as to whether this will truly assist me with learning or improve my composing aptitudes. Furthermore, your questions may be expanded on the off chance that you have gotten a similar research paper application from different sources, and you will be disheartened to see that they didn't support your instruction, and they don't help in making your exploration papers more interesting.</p><p></p><p>The fundamental issue with the paper application that I saw, is that it is so generally appropriated that you could without much of a stretch get it from pretty much any site. So if you somehow happened to experience that, you would not have the option to discover what you are searching for. What you might need to do is to get a few and afterward direct an investigation of each paper. For example, on the off chanc e that you are utilizing it to improve your composing aptitudes, and you know that there are a lot of sites that offer the equivalent, at that point feel free to look at all the sites that offer the Research Paper App.</p><p></p><p>After doing this, you will have the option to see which one offers you the best quality. This will be your initial step to finding on the off chance that it really fills in just as the sites that guarantee to improve your composing aptitudes. As you glance through each site, you will understand that some offer you more than others.</p><p></p><p>There are those that give bit by bit instructional advisers for composing better research papers. At that point there are those that offer you helpful hints, tips that permit you to make your exploration papers additionally fascinating. At that point there are those that will permit you to shape and offer your own exploration papers with your companions and friends. L astly, there are those that allowed you to compose and design your own exploration papers in a matter of minutes.</p><p></p><p>The most significant thing that you should search for is the amount it costs. Clearly every one of these sites are going after your consideration. So as to win the best, you should look into the real valuing data, so as to check whether there are any shrouded charges that you have to watch out for.</p><p></p><p>I believe that you should be cautious when deciding to purchase a Research Paper App. From the outset, it appears that every one of these sites are similar and offer the equivalent in their composing applications. In any case, truly there are numerous locales that give you the most pragmatic value.</p><p></p><p>If you need to figure out how to compose all the more effectively, at that point you should ensure that you utilize the Research Paper App. With such a large number of dest inations offering the equivalent, you will positively need to find the one that will assist you with improving your composing skills.</p>

Choosing Between Chemistry Homework Help and Hiring a Tutor

<h1>Choosing Between Chemistry Homework Help and Hiring a Tutor</h1><p>The question is, do you know what science schoolwork help you need? The response to this inquiry relies upon the sort of science guide that you have.</p><p></p><p>There are two principle kinds of schoolwork help. You can either go to a guide or you can learn all alone. It truly relies upon which is progressively advantageous for you. Here are a few interesting points while picking between those two options.</p><p></p><p>Tutors are free. On account of some self-teaching guardians, this might be the best choice. For this situation, they won't need to pay for their self-teaching, and they don't need to stress over voyaging costs or time away from their family. They can even now find support from the guides on the off chance that they need, without stressing over the amount it will cost them.</p><p></p><p>Tutors can normally deci de whether you are prepared for the class. In the event that you are not doing admirably in a specific class, a coach can direct you in figuring out how to learn. That is the reason guides are such a significant piece of homeschooling.</p><p></p><p>Chemistry schoolwork help for homeschoolers is frequently given by others. There are some self-teaching bunches that give assistance to homeschoolers. They here and there sort out online courses and talks, and they may even give reading material and materials to understudies to use.</p><p></p><p>Another alternative is to have the educator clarify in detail the subjects that are shrouded in science schoolwork help for homeschoolers. This choice might be the best for certain understudies who would prefer not go out and purchase all the materials for a specific class.</p><p></p><p>When you decide to go with the last alternative, you will be answerable for your own school work help. You may need to buy each and every course book that is shrouded in science schoolwork help for homeschoolers. It is smarter to go through the cash you have on something useful.</p>

Writing Essays for Social Media - Essay Topics That Are All About Social Media Essay Topics Appellation

<h1>Writing Essays for Social Media - Essay Topics That Are All About Social Media Essay Topics Appellation</h1><p>As an author who is a devoted buyer of composing, I have numerous contentions that are extremely proficient and powerful that make me snicker when I read others' papers and digital books concerning online life. In this article, I am going to impart to you my rundown of paper themes that are very significant with regards to internet based life exposition points exemplification.</p><p></p><p>First, I should state that most social stages are outfitted towards the substance they give. Most sites don't give video or sound connections so the utilization of connection pennants is significant. These standards and connections won't just make your paper stick out yet they will likewise help increment your site positioning in the web crawlers as well.</p><p></p><p>Your title ought to be compact yet eye catching, if t he title is long it will appear to be a great deal of exertion and it won't catch the peruser's eye to peruse your article. Attempt to keep your title straightforward and go over the titles you find in the indexed lists. The catchphrases ought to likewise be made watchword benevolent. I will suggest two watchwords that you can use.</p><p></p><p>Once you get the sentences and the words down, attempt to be as infectious key as could be expected under the circumstances. In the event that your title is successful, at that point the remainder of your exposition will be. Recollect that you are not the individual who will compose your exposition; you are a customer and thusly, your own needs ought to be thought about while you are composing your paper. Recollect that online life has given all authors, much the same as yourself, an opportunity to excel so there is no explanation behind you to be left behind.</p><p></p><p>My second point articl e themes is identified with the title and I will go over those subjects in more detail. Something else to remember is that you ought to have the option to clarify your proposal articulation in your title. The postulation articulation is the thing that separates your exposition from different papers that others have composed. At the point when you have a compelling theory explanation, you will have the option to address your perusers and clarify your proposal in a simple way.</p><p></p><p>Finally, I would simply recommend that you start the exposition with an intelligent request of occasions. By doing this, you will set up the significance of the words that you are utilizing in your title. You ought to consistently have a legitimate request of occasions that you use for the situation of your keywords.</p><p></p><p>Remember that while your article will be a paper, you will at present need to account for yourself, the realities, and the r eason for the exposition. These will run over to your perusers so exploit the various techniques for composing that are accessible to you.</p>

The Best Presentation Topics to Use in a Job Interview

The Best Presentation Topics to Use in a Job InterviewWhat is the best presentation topics to use in a job interview? Let's find out.Presentation topics are usually a determining factor when it comes to getting hired for a job in a corporate or in an organization that hires people for job interviews. An employee who knows what the company expects from them will have an easier time getting hired and making more money.Some employers have a strict boss's style. They expect people to be on time, follow rules and act professionally. These people want people to come in on time with their dress attire, and in a professional manner.Other employers are much more relaxed, so there is not as much of a stress level in the office. When a person seems like they are nervous, that is a sure sign that they may not be very successful when it comes to presentation skills. For this reason, you should prepare yourself so that you will stand out when someone comes in.One of the easiest presentation topics to use in a job interview would be the person's past work experience. This is because it is one of the first things that employers will see when looking at someone. If someone can show that they have accomplished something and that they are successful at doing it, then they will have an advantage over those who do not.One of the most popular ways to prepare for these types of interview is to prepare yourself with some really good presentation topics. Some of the best presentation topics to use in a job interview are things that can help you present your best self.This could include things like writing a thank you note, performing sales speeches, performing customer service, or other things that relate to human resource management. If you can show that you have great sales abilities, that you are a good listener, or that you are polite, then you will have an advantage over other applicants who do not show these skills.Knowing what the company expects of you is a big part of your job interview success. Present yourself as a professional who knows how to give a presentation and be ready to wow the audience and impress the employer.

A Dolls House - the Role of Women in Norwegian Culture

The role of women in Norwegian culture has been changing rapidly since the mid 1800s. Progress towards gender equality has been slow and challenging as Norwegian culture is very gender- based. Men have always been expected to be the providers and up until the mid 1800s a woman’s role was in the home; girls were married off and became the housekeepers and the center of the family. (Norwegian Natl. Commission 5) However with the beginning of the industrialization of Norway, this role was greatly undermined. Since the mid 1800s, Norwegian women have endured a rollercoaster of liberty and repression ultimately ending up with gender equality in the early 1980s. (Norweigan Natl. Commission 9) Industrialization in Norway resulted in the†¦show more content†¦Just a few decades ago, women were back to getting married and starting a family without having to work outside the home. The social standard today is that not only will a woman in a family have a career; she is responsible for the majority of the housework. This boils down to women having less free time than ever before. However, there is hope in the fact that more women than ever in Norway are single and self sufficient. It seems to me that the turbulent Norwegian culture has difficulty establishing a balanced life for women. The rollercoaster that is women’s role in Norway has ultimately been set by women stepping out into the public by being brave enough to challenge the social standards. The modern role of women in Norway can be largely credited to the Norwegian feminist movement’s boom in the 1960s. Groups such as â€Å"The Women’s Front† and â€Å"Bread and Roses† have fought for women’s rights to equal wages, a shorter workweek, and reproductive rights. The motivation that many Norwegian feminists felt can be demonstrated the in the popular suffragist poem â€Å"Bread and Roses†. Bread and Roses As we come marching, marching, in the beauty of the day, A million darkened kitchens, a thousand mill-lofts gray Are touched with all the radiance that a sudden sun discloses, For the people hear us singing, Bread and Roses, Bread andShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House2348 Words   |  10 Pagesfeminine conduct from a masculine point of view.†(Author Commentary 296) Henrik Ibsen’s A doll house reflect a general household of doll like characters with a wife , husband, three children and a nanny. Nora, wife and mother of three decides to leave her family in pursuit of self purpose and self identity after withstanding blackmail which opened her eye to how her husband and men in her society value and view women individuality. This quotation from Henrik Ibsen above reflects his awareness of the maleRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1666 Words   |  7 PagesMy understanding of cultural and contextual considerations of the work, A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, was deepened through the interactive oral. We discussed about the cultural values of the time with its emphasis on the position of women, and the play’s influence on feminism in Norway. In fact, A Doll’s House is more relevant than before, since a paradigm shift occurred in the modern society that women are no longer dependent upon men. After the publication and the first stage production, theRead MoreNora s Escape From Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House Essay2552 Words   |  11 PagesIbsen’s A Doll’s House follows Nora’s struggles to escape the firm grasp of her domineering husband. Throughout the novel, Nora is depicted as obedient to her husband, Torvald, and never dares to stand up to him. Torvald’s condescension and thinly veiled misogyny continuously confines Nora to her strict 19th century gender role. The title of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House mirrors Nora’s sense of oppression and lack of agency as she struggles to free herself from the strict gender roles of her time periodRead MoreChristmas Tree Analysis1402 Words   |  6 PagesIn Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House, the Christmas tree parallels with Nora’s development, her mental state, and position in the household. The tree can be recognized as an object placed in a house to please the eyes a nd adds beauty to a home. Torvald objectifies Nora, seeing her as a plaything carrying no purpose other than to look at and be pretty. As the play continues and Nora develops into a mature character and becomes aware of her repression, the Christmas Tree begins to visibly deteriorate andRead MoreA Dolls House -H.Ibsen ,Critical Analysis1554 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Subject : Drama B Writer : Henrik Johan Ibsen Genre : Realistic Modern Drama Name of the Work / Play : A Doll’s House ( 1897 ) in three acts Characters : Major Characters / Minor Characters Nora Helmer ( wife of Torvald Helmer ,mother of three children ) Torvald Helmer( husband of Nora Helmer , a lawyer ,father of three children ) Dr. Rank ( doctor ,friend of Nora Torvald Helmer, confidant ,commentator ) Mrs. Kristine Linde ( old friend of Nora Helmer ) Nils Krogstad ( barristerRead MoreHenrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House Essay example1182 Words   |  5 Pagespresent in Henrik Ibsen’s 1879 Norwegian play A Doll’s House. The title itself suggests a misogynist view, while the work mainly consists of feminist ideology, as Ibsen was a supporter of the female as an independent, rather than a dependent on a male. Nora knew herself that her husband did not fully respect her, and this became a major conflict in the play as Nora progressively became more self-reliant in the play. Ibsen created Nora to give an example for all women, showing that they are more thanRead MoreA Dolls House As A Feminist Play Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is a drama play that criticizes sensitive social issues toward women in Norwegian society in the 19th century. The play could also be considered as a feminist play that describes the story of an ordinary middle-class marriage. The writer in the play manifests his concern for women’s rights who will be treated like a doll despite all the sacrifices that they do to save their marriage. The writer uses commonplace language with a modern perspective to value gender equalityRead MoreBarbie. history Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagestwo Barbie dolls are sold somewhere in the world? A. Barbie was invented in 1959 by Ruth Handler. B. She was introduced to the world at the American Toy Fair in New York City. II. Barbie has been an important part of the toy fashion doll market for fifty years. A. She has been the subject of numerous controversies and lawsuits, often involving parody of the doll and lifestyle. B. In recent years, Barbie has faced increasing competition from the Bratz range of dolls. BODY: Read MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House1775 Words   |  8 PagesThe play A Doll House was written and published in 1879 by Henrik Ibsen and is set in 19the century Norway. Having discussed Norway’s perception of women, religious beliefs, political and economic development over the 1800s as well as the life of Ibsen himself and his play’s influence on feminism in Norway. Personally, I found that I lacked cultural knowledge of women in Norwegian society during this time while reading the play. I learned that women in Norway’s patriarchal society lived their livesRead MoreGender Roles Of A Doll s House And Ghosts Essay2281 Words   |  10 PagesGender Roles in A Doll’s House and Ghosts Throughout much of English language literature, gender and sex are equated with specific human traits. Strength is male and weakness is female. Men are stable and women are capricious. Logic is masculine and imagination is feminine. Ibsen uses stereotypical gender attributes in his characterization of Nora and Torvald throughout A Doll House, and then abruptly reverses the stereotypes in the final moments of the play to show that inner strength and weakness

Tobacco Use and Lung Cancer Essay Example For Students

Tobacco Use and Lung Cancer Essay Lung CancerLung cancer is the leading cancer killer among both men and women. There are two different types of lung cancer: nonsmall cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. There are also many different things that can cause lung cancer, but the number one cause for lung cancer is tobacco use. What is lung cancer? This is a question that a lot of people are still asking. Lung cancer is definitely something to want to be educated about so that it can be recognizable. There are healthy cells that grow and divide throughout the body to keep it functioning properly, but sometimes this growth gets out of control when the cells continue to produce even though cells arent needed. These abnormal cells in the lungs originate when the lungs are exposed to carcinogens for instance those found in cigarette smoke. At first, only a small number of abnormal cells might appear, but as these cells are increasingly exposed to carcinogens they will definitely progress and eventually these cells become cancerous. Once these cancerous cells have reached the lungs, they have easy access to a large number of blood and lymph vessels. (MFMER 1998-2001) Cancer that begins in the lungs is divided into two major types, small cell lung cancer and nonsmall cell lung cancer. Nonsmall cell lung cancer is more common than small cell lung cancer and it generally grows and spreads more slowly. There are three main types of nonsmall cell lung cancer that are named for the type of cells in which the cancer develops. These three types are: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma is a cancer that forms in cells that are lining the airways. Its the most common type of lung cancer in men. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer in women and people who have never smoked, it is a cancer that usually begins in the mucus-producing cells of the lung. The last type of nonsmall cell lung cancer is large cell carcinoma; this type of cancer originates in the peripheral part of the lungs. The other major type of lung cancer is small cell lung cancer which sometimes is called oat cell cancer, it is less common than nonsmall cell lung cancer. This particular type of lung cancer grows more quickly and is more likely to spread to other organ s in the body.(MFMER 1998-2001)The number one leading cause of lung cancer is tobacco use. At one time smoking was just considered a socially acceptable behavior, but is now the leading cause of disability and death in the U.S. It is considered to be the most important cause of chronic bronchitis in both sexes, lung and laryngeal cancer in men and probable cause of lung cancer in women. There are many reasons smoking causes lung cancer but one is that the smoke from one single cigarette is composed of over four thousand different constituents and of those, approximately sixty of them are known carcinogens or tumor promoters. Smoking may be the number one leading cause of death, but it is also preventable. Although smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, there are many other contributors to lung cancer such as cigarettes, cigars and pipes, environmental tobacco smoke, radon, asbestos, pollution, lung diseases and medical history. Cigarettes cause lung cancer from the harmful sub stances that damage cell in the lungs. Whether the person will develop lung cancer is affected by the age at which they began smoking, how long they have been smoking, the number of cigarettes that are smoked per day, and how deeply the person inhales. Cigars and pipes give the person a higher risk of lung cancer than nonsmokers, the affects are the same as the ones for smoking cigarettes. There are people who smoke cigars and pipes and do not inhale and these people are at a risk for lung, mouth and other types of cancer. Environmental tobacco smoke also known as secondhand smoke is called involuntary or passive smoking is also a risk of lung cancer. Radon is an invisible, tasteless, and odorless radioactive gas that occurs naturally in soil and rocks. Radon can cause damage to the lungs eventually causing lung cancer, it is mostly found in mines and in some parts of the country it is found in houses. Asbestos is another risk factor for lung cancer, it is the name of a group of min erals that occur naturally as fibers and are used in certain industries. These fibers can float in the air and stick to clothes by breaking down into particles and when the particles are inhaled, they can lodge in the lungs damaging the cells. The exposure of asbestos has been observed in industries such as shipbuilding, asbestos mining and manufacturing, insulation work, and brake repair. Pollution such as by-products of the combustion of diesel and other fossil fuels have a link with lung cancer if exposed to these air pollutants. Lung diseases such as tuberculosis increase a persons chance of developing of lung cancer because lung cancer tends to develop in areas of the lung that are scarred from tuberculosis. The final risk factor in developing lung cancer is medical history. This means that if a person has had lung cancer once before it is more likely that they develop a second lung cancer versus a person who has never had lung cancer before. (WebMD Corporation 1996-2002)Smokin g cigarettes accounts for nearly ninety percent of all lung cancers. It is also linked to one-third of all cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, lung and esophagus. In the United States, tobacco use is responsible for nearly one in five deaths killing more than four hundred thousand Americans each year and is a risk factor for approximately twenty-five diseases. Tobacco use as a risk factor is expected to make a greater claim on health than any single disease. Smoking and tobacco use caused about ten million people in the United States to die and two million of those deaths alone were the result of lung cancer. Math Statistics Project Essay Tobacco use is more common in women and is clearly a womens issue. It wasnt until the mid 1920s that cigarette advertising began targeting women and at that time, very few women smoked. As the advertising increasingly targeted women, cigarette use increased rapidly. Based on a report from the U.S. Surgeon General, lung cancer among white women has increased by six hundred percent between 1950 and 2000. In the year 2000, lung cancer accounted for an estimated twenty-five percent and twenty-seven thousand more women died of lung cancer than breast cancer. (BMJ 2001) This fact may be a surprise to a large number of people because most would have thought that breast cancer was the leading cause of deaths among women. This just goes to show how deadly cigarettes really are and how uneducated people are about the use of tobacco and lung cancer, it is a very serious issue but it is also preventable. Even though women are targeted by advertisers, they are not the only ones that are greatly affected by tobacco use. There are also certain racial and ethnic groups that are greatly affected as well. For example, African American men have the highest lung cancer incidence and mortality rates. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in most racial/ethnic groups of women except American Indian, Filipino, and Hispanic women. In men, lung cancer is the leading cause in all racial/ethnic groups except American Indians. White women are said to have higher smoking rates than Hispanic or African American women, and African American men have higher rates than Hispanic or White men. Among all, White adolescents have the highest smoking rates and African American adolescents have the lowest smoking rates. It seems as though compared to all racial and ethnic groups; White men and women start at an early age and continue on to be the highest rated smokers. (RamEx Ars Medica, Inc. 2000)Ho w is lung cancer detected? Lung cancer does not cause symptoms in its early stages, but when the cancer is advanced the symptoms include: a chronic cough that does not go away and gets worse over time, fatigue, coughing up blood, weight loss and loss of appetite, constant chest pain, fever without a known reason, swelling of the neck and face, repeated problems with pneumonia or bronchitis, wheezing, shortness of breath and hoarseness. A person who has any of these symptoms should see a doctor to find out the cause because these symptoms are also symptomatic of many other lung problems or other less serious conditions. The doctor many ask questions about the medical history of the patient when thy go for an exam. The doctor will also give the patient a physical exam and if the patient has a cough that produces mucus, it may be examined for cancer cells. If the patient is diagnosed with cancer, the doctor will do testing that may include a CT scan, an MRI or a bone scan to find out w hether the cancer has spread. (American Lung Association 2002)The doctor must examine tissue from the lung to confirm the presence of lung cancer. To show whether a person has cancer, there is a biopsy, the removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope by a pathologist. There are a number of procedures that may be used to obtain this tissue for instance a bronchoscopy. This is where the doctor inserts a bronchoscope into the mouth or nose and down through the trachea to look into the breathing passages. The doctor is able to collect cells or small samples of tissue through this tube. Another procedure is the needle aspiration; this is where a needle is inserted through the chest into the tumor to remove a sample of tissue. A third type of procedure used is thoracentesis, by using a needle the doctor removes a sample of the fluid that is surrounding the lungs to check for cancer cells. The last procedure discussed is thoracotomy, this is a surgery that is use d to open the chest. This procedure is a major operation performed in a hospital. (United States 1998)If the patient is diagnosed with cancer, the doctor will want to learn the extent of the disease. This is done to find out whether the cancer has spread and to what parts of the body. Lung cancer often spreads to the brain or bones, therefore knowing the extent of the disease helps the doctor plan treatment for it. To determine whether the cancer has spread or not these are some of the tests used: Cat (CT) scan, a computer hooked up to an X-ray machine that creates a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. A MRI is also used; this is a powerful magnet hooked up to a computer to make detailed pictures inside the body. Radionuclide scanning is used to show whether the cancer has spread to other organs. This is done by having the patient swallow or receive an injection of a mildly radioactive substance. A scanner records and measures the level of radioactivity to reveal a bnormal areas in certain organs. Another test used is the bone scan, which is one type of radionuclide scanning. As small amount of radioactive substance is injected into the blood stream of the patient and it collects in areas of abnormal bone growth. The last test discussed is a mediastinoscopy, which is used to show whether the cancer has spread to the chest of lymph nodes. The doctor examines the center of the chest and nearby lymph nodes with a lighted viewing instrument called a scope. In this procedure, the scope is inserted through a small incision in the neck. (United States 1997-1998) Once the patient is diagnosed with cancer, it doesnt always necessarily mean there is no cure or treatment for it and that the doctor is going to tell the patient how much longer they are expected to live. There are many types of treatments that can be used, but the treatment does depend on a number of factors including the type of cancer (nonsmall cell or small cell lung cancer), the stage o f the disease, and the general health of the patient. Surgery is one of these treatments used to remove the cancer. Depending on the location of the cancer in the lung allows the doctor to know what type of surgery to perform. An operation to remove only a small portion of the lung is called a segmental or wedge resection, the removal of an entire lobe of the lung is known as a lobectomy, and when the entire lung is removed it is called pneumonectomy. There are some tumors that are inoperable due to the size, location or medical reasons of the patient. Chemotherapy is another type of treatment that is the use of an anticancer drug to kill cancer cells throughout the body. Cancer cells still may be present in a nearby tissue or elsewhere in the body even after cancer has been removed from the lung. Chemotherapy can be used to control the cancer or even just to relieve symptoms. Most anticancer drugs are given in the form of a pill or even by injection into a vein, but another way to get chemotherapy is by means of a catheter, which is a thin tube that is placed into large vein and remains there as long as needed. A third type of treatment is radiation therapy also called radiotherapy, involves the use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. Radiation may be used after surgery to destroy any cancer cells that remain in the treated areas or even before surgery to try to shrink down the tumor. Radiation treatment of lung cancer most often comes from a machine, but it can also come from an implant that is placed directly into or near the tumor. Photodynamic therapy is the use of a special chemical that is injected into the bloodstream and absorbed by cells. The chemical remains in the cancer cells for a longer period of time as it rapidly leaves normal cells. Photodynamic therapy is used for lung cancers that are localized, but is being studied for possible use in controlling symptoms in advanced cases when tumors are compressing against other organs of the body. The final treatment mentioned is clinical trials to evaluate new ways to treat cancer. This is an option for many lung cancer patients, with some doctors all patients receive the new treatment but with others they test it out with one group of patients and give the usual to another group. (United States 1997-1998)As stated in this paper before, the number one leading cancer killer among both men and women is lung cancer and approximately ninety percent of lung cancer is caused by tobacco use. People just do not realize how serious of an issue this really is, which is due to the fact that they are not near educated enough about lung cancer and the use of tobacco. Although millions of people have died as a result of this, it is still a very preventable cause. Granted there are some cases that might not be as obvious to the person such as radon, or asbestos, which in that case they should be more aware of their environment and surroundings. As for the number one cause of cancer, there is a number one prevention and that is to never start smoking or to quit smoking and live a longer more enjoyable lifestyle.